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System Wide Ultrasound References 2026

System-wide programs (the canon)

  1. Strony R, Marin JR, Bailitz J, et al. Systemwide clinical ultrasound program development: an expert consensus model. West J Emerg Med. 2018;19(4):649-653. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2018.4.37152 (open access)

  2. Graham J, Strony R, Soucy Z. System-wide point-of-care ultrasound. In: Tayal VS, Foster TR, Liu RB, Duran-Gehring PE, eds. Ultrasound Program Management: A Comprehensive Resource for Administrating Point-of-Care, Emergency, and Clinical Ultrasound. Springer; 2025:31-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-86341-7_4

  3. Panebianco N, Boulger C, Hendrick G, Frances S, Strony R, Soucy Z. Acoustic Harmony: a nationwide survey unveils the landscape of system-wide clinical ultrasound committees in 2022 [abstract]. Acad Emerg Med. 2024;31(suppl 1). https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14906

  4. American College of Emergency Physicians, Emergency Ultrasound Section. System-Wide Ultrasound Directors subcommittee: SWCUS Town Hall recording and resources. https://www.acep.org/emultrasound/subcommittees/system-wide-ultrasound-directors

Enterprise imaging and workflow

  1. Ma IWY, Francavilla ML, Nomura JT, et al. Governance considerations for point-of-care ultrasound: a HIMSS-SIIM Enterprise Imaging Community whitepaper in collaboration with AIUM. J Imaging Inform Med. 2025;38(5):2585-2599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-024-01365-7 (open access)

  2. HIMSS-SIIM Enterprise Imaging Community, in collaboration with AIUM. Considerations for pre-deployment planning in point-of-care ultrasound program implementation. J Imaging Inform Med. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-026-02021-y

  3. Cram D, Roth CJ, Towbin AJ. Orders- versus encounters-based image capture: implications pre- and post-procedure workflow, technical and build capabilities, resulting, analytics and revenue capture: HIMSS-SIIM collaborative white paper. J Digit Imaging. 2016;29(5):559-566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-016-9888-7 (open access)

  4. Roth CJ, Lannum LM, Joseph CL. Enterprise imaging governance: HIMSS-SIIM collaborative white paper. J Digit Imaging. 2016;29(5):539-546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-016-9883-z (open access)

  5. Wong MKY, Olszynski P, Cheung WJ, et al. Position statement: minimum archiving requirements for emergency medicine point-of-care ultrasound—a modified Delphi-derived national consensus. CJEM. 2021;23(4):450-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43678-021-00109-8

  6. Wani TA, Mendoza A, Gray K. Hospital bring-your-own-device security challenges and solutions: systematic review of gray literature. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020;8(6):e18175. https://doi.org/10.2196/18175 (open access)

  7. Riscinti M, et al. An accountable encounter-based imaging workflow for point-of-care ultrasound. J Imaging Inform Med. [update status and DOI when available]

Institutional case reports

  1. Shen L, Lobo VE, Cordova D, Larson DB, Kamaya A. Establishing a point-of-care ultrasound program: an institutional approach for developing a point-of-care ultrasound program infrastructure. J Am Coll Radiol. 2024;21(8):1269-1275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2023.10.026

  2. Waldman D, Pino C. Roadmap to success: blueprint for enterprise-wide deployment of a point-of-care ultrasound platform, inclusive of governance, policy, education, credentialing, and quality assurance. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2024;14:35. https://doi.org/10.25259/JCIS_96_2024 (open access)

  3. Waldman D, Doughton J, Pino C. Roadmap to success: blueprint for enterprise-wide deployment of a point-of-care ultrasound platform, inclusive of governance, policy, education, credentialing, and quality assurance (Part 2). J Clin Imaging Sci. 2025;15:28. https://doi.org/10.25259/JCIS_76_2025 (open access)

  4. Olszynski P, Kim DJ, Ma IWY, et al. The development of a provincial multidisciplinary framework of consensus-based standards for point of care ultrasound at the University of Saskatchewan. Ultrasound J. 2019;11(1):28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13089-019-0142-7 (open access)

  5. Zwank MD, Gordon BD, Truman SM. Refining the wild wild west of point-of-care ultrasound at an academic community hospital. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(12):1574-1577. [DOI not verified]

  6. Theophanous RG, Staton CA, Ragsdale LC, Tupetz A, Peethumnongsin E, Eucker SA. Co-designed point-of-care ultrasound program development and implementation at a Veterans Affairs emergency department. Intern Emerg Med. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-025-03951-1

  7. Theophanous RG, Staton CA, Tupetz A, et al. Impact evaluation after implementing a co-designed point-of-care ultrasound program at a Veterans Affairs emergency department. Australas J Ultrasound Med. 2025;28(4):e70024. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajum.70024

  8. Schott CK, LoPresti CM, Boyd JS, et al. Retention of point-of-care ultrasound skills among practicing physicians: findings of the VA National POCUS Training Program. Am J Med. 2021;134(3):391-399.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.08.008

Risk and the case for oversight

  1. ECRI Institute. Adoption of point-of-care ultrasound is outpacing safeguards. Hazard #2—2020 Top 10 Health Technology Hazards. Health Devices. September 26, 2019. https://www.ecri.org/EmailResources/Health%20Devices/Top_10_hazards_2020_No_2_POCUS.pdf

  2. ECRI Institute. Top 10 Health Technology Hazards for 2020: Executive Brief. https://home.ecri.org/blogs/ecri-thought-leadership-resources/2020-top-10-health-technology-hazards-executive-brief

  3. Russ B, Arthur J, Lewis Z, Snead G. A review of lawsuits related to point-of-care emergency ultrasound applications. J Emerg Med. 2022;63(5):661-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.04.020

  4. Stolz L, O'Brien KM, Miller ML, Winters-Brown ND, Blaivas M, Adhikari S. A review of lawsuits related to point-of-care emergency ultrasound applications. West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(1):1-4. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2014.11.23592 (open access)

  5. Prager R, Wu DR, Garber G, et al. Medico-legal risks of point-of-care ultrasound: a closed-case analysis of Canadian Medical Protective Association medico-legal cases. Ultrasound J. 2024;16:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13089-024-00364-7 (open access)

Definitions, privileging, and society standards

  1. American Medical Association. Privileging for Ultrasound Imaging. Policy H-230.960. https://policysearch.ama-assn.org/policyfinder/detail/Ultrasoundimaging?uri=%2FAMADoc%2FHOD.xml-0-1591.xml

  2. American College of Emergency Physicians. Ultrasound guidelines: emergency, point-of-care, and clinical ultrasound guidelines in medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2023;82(3):e115-e155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.06.005 (policy page: https://www.acep.org/patient-care/policy-statements/ultrasound-guidelines-emergency-point-of--care-and-clinical-ultrasound-guidelines-in-medicine)

  3. Lee JY, Conlon TW, Fraga MV, et al. Identifying commonalities in definition and governance of point-of-care ultrasound within statements from medical organizations in the United States: a scoping review for a shared understanding. J Clin Ultrasound. 2023;51(9):1622-1630. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.23574

  4. Patel MD, Horrow MM, Kamaya A, et al. Mapping the ultrasound landscape to define point-of-care ultrasound and diagnostic ultrasound: a proposal from the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound and ACR Commission on Ultrasound. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021;18(1):42-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2020.09.013

  5. Pellerito J, Koenig S, Narasimhan M, et al. AIUM practice parameter for the performance of point-of-care ultrasound examinations. J Ultrasound Med. 2019;38(4):833-849. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14972

  6. Soni NJ, Schnobrich D, Matthews BK, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound for hospitalists: a position statement of the Society of Hospital Medicine. J Hosp Med. 2019;14:E1-E6. https://doi.org/10.12788/jhm.3079 (open access)

  7. Mathews BK, Zwank M. Hospital medicine point of care ultrasound credentialing: an example protocol. J Hosp Med. 2017;12(9):767-772. [DOI not verified]

  8. LoPresti CM, Jensen TP, Dversdal RK, Astiz DJ. Point-of-care ultrasound for internal medicine residency training: a position statement from the Alliance of Academic Internal Medicine. Am J Med. 2019;132(11):1356-1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.07.019

  9. Frankel HL, Kirkpatrick AW, Elbarbary M, et al. Guidelines for the appropriate use of bedside general and cardiac ultrasonography in the evaluation of critically ill patients—part I: general ultrasonography. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(11):2479-2502. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000001216

  10. Levitov A, Frankel HL, Blaivas M, et al. Guidelines for the appropriate use of bedside general and cardiac ultrasonography in the evaluation of critically ill patients—part II: cardiac ultrasonography. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(6):1206-1227. [DOI not verified]

  11. American Academy of Family Physicians. Recommended curriculum guidelines for family medicine residents: point of care ultrasound. AAFP Reprint No. 290D. 2016. https://www.aafp.org/dam/AAFP/documents/medical_education_residency/program_directors/Reprint290D_POCUS.pdf (link currently returns 404; cite as above)

Billing and business case

  1. Zeidan A, Liu EL. Practical aspects of point-of-care ultrasound: from billing and coding to documentation and image archiving. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2021;28(3):270-277. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2021.06.004

  2. Strony R. POCUS Business Plan (example template). Clinical Ultrasound Solutions. https://www.clinicalultrasoundsolutions.com/

  3. Exo. 2023 POCUS Survey Report. https://explore.exo.inc/hubfs/Exo_2023%20_%20POCUS%20Survey%20Report.pdf (vendor source)

  4. Butterfly Network. University of Rochester Medical Center boosts diagnostic accuracy and workflow efficiency with Butterfly Network's enterprise ultrasound solution [press release]. September 2024. https://ir.butterflynetwork.com/News/press-releases/news-details/2024/University-of-Rochester-Medical-Center-Boosts-Diagnostic-Accuracy-and-Workflow-Efficiency-with-Butterfly-Networks-Enterprise-Ultrasound-Solution/default.aspx (vendor source)

Matthew Riscinti